【www.fzbilisi.com--书信】

　　书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函（Business Letter or Official Correspondence）和私人信件（Private Letter）两大类。值得注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。

　　英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：信端、信内地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。下面我们将逐个进行介绍。

　　写作技巧

　　日常要处理许多信件电邮，因而运用英语上不得不留神，以下有一些个人意见，也参考了一些书本，希望大家有所得益。

　　A. 文法上

　　1.切忌主客不分或模糊。例子：Deciding to rescind the earlier estimate, our report was updated to include $40,000 for new equipment.”

　　应改为：Deciding to rescind our earlier estimate, we have updated our report to include $40,000 for new equipment.

　　2.句子不要凌碎。例子: He decided not to audit the last ten contracts. Because of our previous objections about compliance. 应该连在一起。

　　3.结构对称，令人容易理解。例子：The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and the fact that the contract had been altered with ink markings.

　　应改为：The owner questioned the occupant's lease intentions and ink alterations of the contract.

　　4.单众数不要搞乱，不然会好刺眼，看不舒服。例如：An authorized person must show that they have security clearance.

　　5.动词主词要呼应。想想这两个分别：1.This is one of the public-relations functions that is underbudgeted. 2. This is one of the public-relations functions, which are underbudgeted.

　　6.时态和语气不要转变太多。看商务英语已经是苦事，不要浪费人家的精力啊。

　　7.标点要准确。例如：He did not make repairs, however, he continued to monitor the equipment.

　　改为：He did not make repairs; however, he continued to monitor the equipment.

　　8.选词正确。好像affect和effect, operative和operational等等就要弄清楚才好用啦。

　　9.拼字正确。有电脑拼字检查功能后，就更加不能偷懒。

　　10.大小写要注意。非必要不要整个字都是大写，除非要骂人。例如：MUST change to OS immediately. 外国人就觉得不礼貌和喝令人一样。要强调的话，用底线，斜字，粗体就可以了。

　　B. 文体

　　1.可读性。对象是大学程度的话，用高中的英文就行，不要以为人人都是语言大师。多用短句(15-20字吧)，技术性的字，就更加要简单易明。

　　2.注意段落的开头。一般来说，重要或强调的事情都放在信件或段落的开头，而句子就放在最尾。例如：

　　1.Because he was unable to attend the meeting personally, he forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape.

　　2.He forwarded his congratulations on cassette tape because he was unable to attend the meeting personally.

　　两者强调的事情就有分别了。

　　3.轻重有分。同等重要的用and来连接，较轻放在次要的句子里。

　　4.意思转接词要留神。例如：but (相反)，therefore (结论)，also (增添)，for example (阐明)。

　　分不清furthermore和moreover就不要用啦。

　　5.句子开头不要含糊不清的主词。例子：These decisions have been a big disappointment to the committee members. They have delayed further action.

　　They是指什么呀?开头少用this, that, it, they, 或 which.

　　6.修饰词的位置要小心。例如：He could only reimburse the cost after July 15.

　　应为 He could reimburse the cost only after July 15.

　　7.用语要肯定准确，切忌含糊。例如：The figures show a significant increase.

　　改为：The figures show an increase of 19%.

　　8.立场观点一致，少用被动语。例如: Partial data should be submitted by April.

　　改为：You should submit partial data by April.就很好了。

　　Chapter 24： Writing a Paragraph： Focus on Coherence and Unity

　　The last chapter discussed the importance of using good grammar and good word choice in your writing. However, the most grammatically perfect paragraph will not receive a good grade if it is poorly organized and not focused on a central idea. The paragraph must have unity and coherence. These ideas were discussed briefly in chapter 22, but in this chapter we will explore unity and coherence more fully so that you can learn how these elements impact your writing.

　　As you learned in Chapter 22, coherence is whether or not what you write makes sense and whether or not the ideas are arranged in a logical manner. If ideas are out of order in writing, then the reader has a very difficult time trying to understand your point. As a result the reader will lose interest and you will not be able to convey your point.

　　Unity is equally important. Unity means that your writing sticks to one point at a time. When you mix and match ideas in writing jumping from one idea to the next and back again, the reader has a hard time following you. Inevitably, the reader will not understand your point and will eventually lose interest. This chapter explores ways to help you make certain that your writing is both coherent and unified.

　　Chapter 21： Writing a Paragraph： Devising a Plan -- Outline

　　Once you have generated a topic sentence and the details to support that topic sentence, it is time to organize your ideas. By organizing your ideas you will create a clear picture of the structure of your paragraph. The most efficient way to organize ideas is to outline them. With the aid of an outline you will be able to decide if you have enough supporting ideas for your topic sentence and you will be able to eliminate those details that do not support your topic sentence. The outline will also let you test various methods of organization to decide which one suits your topic sentence the best and let you test the placement of your topic sentence within the paragraph to see where it will have the greatest impact on the reader. With the use of an outline you should be able to create organized, coherent, unified, well-supported paragraphs.

　　Chapter 23： Writing a Paragraph： Polishing, Proofreading, and Preparing Final Copy？Final Lines

　　The last step in the writing process is proofreading. After you have finished developing and supporting your ideas and after you have checked the organization, it is time to put the finishing touches on your paragraph. As your last step you need to check the spelling, punctuation, mechanics, and word choice of your paragraph as well as check to be certain you have a concluding statement. You cannot check all of these things in one reading so you should break the task into sections. First, check the punctuation and mechanics of your paragraphs. This means you are making sure you don't have errors like comma splices or fragments. You are also making sure you put question marks at the ends of questions and periods at the ends of statements.

　　The next step is to check your word choice and spelling. You want to be sure that you have used the correct words for your intended meaning, so you want to be sure that you haven't used a two when you need a too. Be sure to double check the spelling of any word you often misspell and look up any word you are unsure of. If you are word processing, use the spell check on your computer to help you with your possible spelling mistakes.

　　Chapter 26： Writing from Reading

　　The first step when you write from what you read is to be sure you understand what you have read. To ensure your understanding, you should be an active reader. This means that you should read more than once with a different purpose each time, you should ask questions before, during, and after you read, and you should make notes as you read.

　　Once you have read actively, you will be prepared to write in a number of different ways. You will be able to summarize what you have read. That means you are accurately re-telling the author's main ideas in your own words. A summary also gives the major supporting details the author has used to support the main ideas. Once again though, summaries are written in YOUR words not the author's words.

　　Another method of writing about what you have read is to respond to the reading. When you respond to a reading, you pick out a particular point or idea that the author has made and then brainstorm to develop your own ideas based on the author's thought. Unlike summarizing, you are generating your own ideas based on the author's original thought.

　　Rather than generating a new idea, you may also choose to respond to an idea in the reading. You may agree or disagree with a point the author has made. In your writing, you will explain why you agree or disagree with that point. Once again, you are coming up with your own reasoning and your own wording in response to something you have read.

　　A particular type of writing you will be required to do is writing answers to essay tests. Essay test questions often ask you to read material and then either summarize the material or respond to it in a particular way. The one thing that makes essay test writing different from other writing situations is the time limit. In a testing situation you will carefully monitor your use of time and you won't put all of the polishing touches in that you would if you had unlimited time to complete the writing.

　　These are some of the ways you can tie the material that you read to the material you write. You will find that if you follow the advice given in this chapter that you will never be at a loss for a topic to write about.

　　Chapter 25： Writing a Paragraph： Focus on Support and Details

　　In this chapter you will study the importance of being specific in the details you use to support an idea. When you write in vague, general terms, you leave the reader to interpret what you mean and often the reader will not have enough information to accurately do that. You must be clear in your meaning so that anyone who reads your work understands exactly what you want him to understand.

　　It is equally important that you provide enough information to support your ideas. Generally you need 3 to 5 examples per idea to be sure you've given sufficient support. The best way to develop support is to ask yourself questions about your ideas. You can evaluate the support at each stage of the writing process. Much of the work that you do in the rough lines editing is evaluating support and asking questions to be sure you have said enough to clearly communicate your ideas to your audience.

　　Once you have gathered together as many details as you think you need, you then organize them with a rough outline. This gives you another opportunity to check for sufficient support. Does each section of the outline seem developed? Is there more than one detail for each section? Have you used specific rather than general words as you've outlined? At this point you double-check the topic sentence to be sure it covers all your details. Always remember that the more details you put in the outline the more details will make it into your paragraph.

　　If you are at a loss for details, try turning to your senses. Asking questions about how something looks, feels, tastes, smells, and sounds can provide you with plenty of details. When you are describing an event ask questions like who, what, when, where, how, and why. Read the lecture below for further information on developing support and details for your writing.

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